MongoDB (from "humongous") is an open-source object orientated document database.

Classified as a NoSQL database, MongoDB eschews the traditional table-based relational database structure in favor of JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (MongoDB calls the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster.

As you might expect chemical searching is not something that is traditionally supported, but there have been a couple of blog articles describing initial efforts, and there is now a detailed step by step description available. The post described implementation of chemical similarity searching using MongoDB and RDKit fingerprints it also has some initial comparisons with the more traditional SQL implementation using the RDKit PostgreSQL cartridge.